Google Ads is an online advertising platform developed by Google, where advertisers bid to display short advertisements, service offerings, product listings or videos to web users. It can place ads on both the results of search engines such as Google Search and on non-search websites, mobile apps and videos.

Social media marketing is the use of social media platforms and websites to promote a product or service. Although the terms e-marketing and digital marketing are still prominent in the academia, social media marketing is becoming more and more popular for both practitioners and researchers.

Search engine marketing is a form of Internet marketing that primarily involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine result pages through paid advertising.

Search engine optimization is the process of improving the quality and quantity of website traffic from search engines to a website or web page. SEO targets unpaid traffic instead of direct traffic or paid traffic.

Bulk messaging is the dissemination of a large number of SMS messages for delivery to mobile phone terminals. It is used by media companies, banks and other enterprise and consumer brands for a variety of purposes including entertainment, enterprise and mobile marketing.